Full papers (2)
Supporting Increased Participation by Female Entrepreneurs in MSMEs in Saudi Arabia (581)
Author/s: Maram saeed Sabri Keith Thomas
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Critical Success Factors, SMEs, Female Entrepreneurs, Gender-based Entrepreneurship
Abstract: This paper outlines a study of gender related critical success factors in micro, small and medium sized enterprises with a special focus on the financial sector. The focus on gender related factors is timely as it can help Saudi decision makers realise Vision 2030, the countries plan for economic reform that includes supporting greater female participation in business and entrepreneurial activity. This study identified five main success factors that explain 73% accumulated variance percentage, with factor number one related to managerial and capital resources accounting for almost half the total variance, followed by four factors in descending order as governmental practice and support 10%, capital resources and market condition 6%, legal and institutional attitude 6%, and finally familial support 5%. The study also found no significant differences in gender related perspectives. Noting the crucial role of family in the success of women entrepreneurs, the influence of structure represented by the 5Ms is discussed in the success of entrepreneurs. This investigation identifies some strategies for policymakers wanting to increase the participation of women in entrepreneurial activity.
Entrepreneurship in Conflict Zones: Exploring Transformative Subsistence Entrepreneurship (587)
Author/s: Jay Joseph Safeen Raouf Alain Daou Zainab Ali Mckenna Scott Gerald Reyes
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, conflict, vulnerable, transformative subsistence entrepreneurship
Abstract: Entrepreneurship is championed as a poverty reducing mechanism that can bring stability to developing and volatile regions. Although entrepreneurial growth is well studied in developing economies, there is limited knowledge concerning growth businesses within conflict affected settings, particularly among vulnerable populations, who are the most susceptible to regional instability. A potential avenue for inquiry is transformative subsistence entrepreneurship, which examines growth businesses in subsistence settings that are able to increase revenues and generate employment, while also making positive social contributions that help the local community. Transformative subsistence entrepreneurship is an understudied concept that is yet to be applied to conflict settings. The current study consolidates prior research on the topic, and further explores business growth through examining a series of case studies that were derived from a recent asset replacement program among 39 businesses within Kirkuk, Iraq. Findings demonstrate that even the most vulnerable elements in society can exhibit business growth and transformational characteristics without having formal education, training or financial support. These businesses generate societal benefits for those most in need, while offering a low risk mechanism which non-governmental actors can support to foster poverty reduction.
The Role of Networks in Opportunity Recognition in Tourism (642)
Author/s: Roland Atembe
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Tourism Entrepreneurship, Social networks, Entrepreneurial Opportunity, Opportunity Recognition, Tourism Entrepreneurs
Abstract: Previous studies reveal that social networks are drivers of opportunity recognition. While there is little discussion on opportunity recognition in tourism, recent development in societies is the impact of information and communication technologies. Information and communication technologies have drastically changed individuals lifestyles and entrepreneurial practices, unlocking new ways of connectivity and networking. Building on this rationale, this study draws on the social network and social change theories to explore the effects of social networks on tourism entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. The qualitative case study approach is used to collect data from restaurateurs in Austria. The empirical evidence reveals a two dimensional effect of networks on opportunity recognition. The paper proposes an integrated framework to comprehend the nature of networks in entrepreneurship and offers practical implications for policy building and a strategic framework for entrepreneurship development. It also provides a relevant theory that could be adopted in tourism entrepreneurship process and education.
Entrepreneurial Capital Convertibility Dynamics in SMEs (672)
Author/s: Emmanuel Ambe
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: N/A
Abstract: Entrepreneurial capital has recently emerged as an important facet of new venture creation. Much of the evidence to validate such claims has emerged from research that focussed upon large businesses and multinational corporations. There exists a knowledge gap in SMEs. To bridge this gap, this study investigates the dynamics of entrepreneurial capital convertibility in SMEs. A mixed-method approach was carried out capturing mixed data with owner managers of SMEs in the United Kingdom. Quantitative data generated was analysed using SPSS and harmonized with a detailed faced to face interview process from case studies. The results suggest that a mixed approach provides an informative process to explore entrepreneurial capital convertibility dynamics in SMEs. A model of entrepreneurial capital convertibility dynamics is outlined, that reflects SME owner-managers mental mind maps. Suggestions are made to extend and validate the entrepreneurial capital convertibility model in future research.
Who Is A Lifestyle Entrepreneur? The Context Of Lifestyle Sports (685)
Author/s: Laura Wallis Andreas Walmsley Emily Beaumont Carole Sutton
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Lifestyle entrepreneurship, Lifestyle sports, identity
Abstract: This paper aims to further the understanding of the identity of the lifestyle entrepreneur operating within the lifestyle sports industry. There is no shortage of discussions surrounding the characteristics of lifestyle entrepreneurs and how they may be defined. As McKeever (2015) identifies however, understanding the context in which entrepreneurs operate will impact upon the actions they take, and so linking context to the entrepreneur is critical to the understanding of these individuals and their behaviour. Through a mixed methods study focussing on those entrepreneurs operating within a sport (Engagers) and those who run a business to participate in a lifestyle sport (Enablers), issues of identifying lifestyle entrepreneurs is firstly presented. Through the analysis of the data, entrepreneurs identified through their own narratives how their identities are created. The results demonstrate that while the current external interpretation of the lifestyle entrepreneur is of a fixed nature, the entrepreneurs themselves evidence a much more complex approach to their identities.
The Influence of Cultural and Social Capitals On Immigrant Entrepreneurship (781)
Author/s: Monique Raupp Fernando Dias Lopes
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, International Business, Immigrant Entrepreneurship, Cultural Capital, Social Capital
Abstract: Many immigrants face professional difficulties in their new nation e.g. language barriers, taste discrimination and lack of recognition of their accumulated capitals. A common option to reduce such challenges is pursuing entrepreneurship, which is usually related to fields that possess less influence of the aforementioned barriers, and that do not require much specific knowledge. Using Pierre Bourdieus theory of forms of capita, his paper proposes understanding the influences that cultural and social capitals exert on the immigrant entrepreneurship. Four immigrant restaurant owners were studied. The results show that the immigrant entrepreneurs faced distinct types of cultural shock and discrimination during their entrepreneurship processes, varying between the Latin and European studied immigrants. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship field by addressing the immigrant entrepreneurship topic, which is still being consolidated and has important gaps such as this one to be fulfilled.
Entrepreneurship Capital and Graduate Start-ups: The Influence of University and Regional Contexts (782)
Author/s: Mabel Sanchez Barrioluengo Chiara Marzocchi Fumi Kitagawa
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: graduate start-ups, entrepreneurship capital, signals, university, region
Abstract: This paper looks at the influence that universities and their broader regional contexts have in promoting graduates entrepreneurship addressing the following research question Can entrepreneurial signals sent by HEIs to students compensate for the lack of regional opportunities for entrepreneurship Drawing on knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship and signalling theory, we conceptualize the factors influencing graduate start ups by focusing contemporarily on two contexts to capture the heterogeneous nature of the universities and their entrepreneurship climate on one hand, and the opportunities offered by the region on the other, including its entrepreneurship capital endowment and the general economic conditions. We find that HEIs entrepreneurial signals and regional endowments favour the creation of start ups, while only the latter acts as facilitator of external investment attraction. This means that the availability of context specific opportunities for entrepreneurial activity is more important than a favourable general economic environment to increase an entrepreneurial behaviour. At the same time, our results also suggest that strong HEIs signals partially help the creation of graduate ventures in regional contexts with non favourable labour market conditions. Understanding the context dependent dynamics for graduate entrepreneurship is relevant to shed light on processes underpinning HEIs contribution to knowledge exchange, economic development and venture creation.
I never needed eyes to see Creating Opportunities Out of the Challenges of Visually impaired Entrepreneurs (797)
Author/s: Wilson Ng Felix Arndt
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Venture creation, Opportunity formation, Disability, Challenges.
Abstract: Challenge based entrepreneurship is a nascent research area that has sought to tackle a longstanding issue of how entrepreneurs may overcome extreme challenges. We seek fresh insights into this issue by researching entrepreneurs who face one of the most extreme physical challenges, namely of acute sight loss blindness. While this condition carries social perceptions of extreme physical incapacity and performance limitations, there continue to be examples of entrepreneurs a number of them well known with permanent blindness. How do blind entrepreneurs overcome barriers resulting from their impairment By observing and conversing with two blind serial entrepreneurs, we offer preliminary answers to this question by generating insights into processes of opportunity formation in which ideas are conceived and developed out of the entrepreneurs challenges. Our chief finding is that our blind entrepreneurs instrumentalized their impairments for commercial or social purposes by creating ventures that leveraged public perceptions of blindness and disability. Accordingly, in their ventures, our entrepreneurs drew on distinctive attributes of their physical and social challenges as a means of exploiting narrow conceptions of disabled peoples capabilities. These entrepreneurs therefore overcame their challenges by capitalizing on public conceptions of their limited capabilities. The subsequent Discussion offers research opportunities in and beyond challenge based entrepreneurship by considering a number of theoretical and practical implications of the adaptive skills and attributes of our entrepreneurs that have enabled them to engage with popular ableist and medical, or tragic, perceptions of disability in original and positive ways.
Entrepreneurs Exit Strategies The Role of Emotion (805)
Author/s: Bahare Afrahi Robert Blackburn
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: N/A
Abstract: Entrepreneurial exit strategies are the mode through which the entrepreneur intends to exit the firm such as harvest, stewardship, and voluntary cessation. This article examines the impacts of emotional disengagement entrepreneurs feeling of being emotionally distanced from the entrepreneurial activity on entrepreneurial exit strategies. We draw upon survey data of 402 entrepreneurs across the UK. The analysis finds that entrepreneurs emotional disengagement mediates the effects of antecedents on entrepreneurs intentions to choose different exit routes. However, its mediating effect varies according to the type of exit strategy, including voluntary cessation, harvest, and stewardship. The paper contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of exit intentions.
Understanding Academic Entrepreneurship and Diversity through the Lens of Institutional Logics (837)
Author/s: Melike Nur Tunalioglu Mine Karatas-Ozkan Laura Costanzo Yehuda Baruch
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: academic entrepreneurship, diversity, institutional logics
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between academic entrepreneurship (AE) and diversity in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) domains., With academic members of the staff in STEM departments of five research-intensive university and technology transfer officers of respective universities, sixty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted. Using institutional logics theory in order to comprehend complexities of the subject and develop a framework for unpacking the relationship between AE and diversity. Our study reveals co-existence of plural logics governing the relationship between AE and diversity. Existing logics include the profession logic, science logic and market logic and the new logics we identify are impact logic and diversity logic. Salience of these logics over others governing different aspects of AE and the interaction between them shape the process of AE. The results of our study suggest that strategically combining existing logics with impact and diversity logics has a significant role in capturing value through AE. We contribute to theory by introducing new forms of institutional logics and demonstrating the value of their interactive capacity in achieving intended objectives of AE.
Developing Entrepreneurship Capabilities for Eco-innovation in SMEs (879)
Author/s: Margaret Tallott Rachel Margaret Hilliard Niina Nummela
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: internationalisation, eco-innovation, SME, capability
Abstract: SMEs have a critical role to play in eco-innovation. Historically SMEs have been disproportionately responsible for new market developments and initial diffusion oaf innovation. SMEs account for the largest proportion of enterprises and of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe - sustaining the competitiveness of these firms is vitally important for both national and global economies. Pursuing an eco-innovation strategy requires SMEs to have dynamic capabilities to adapt continually as eco-innovations become increasingly better creating to dynamic conditions. SMEs often lack the financial, managerial, knowledge, or human resources necessary for eco-innovation development. We report on an action research project to support ten entrepreneurial SMEs to enter new markets. We find that interventions led to the increased participation of SMEs in international eco-innovation markets and the nascent emergence of capability. We argue that internationalization and collaboration capabilities present an opportunity for SMEs to address the issue of scarce resources.
Management of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Omani Using the Islamic Leadership Approach and the Adaptive Co-Management Model (937)
Author/s: Fahad Salim Al Bimani
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: adaptive co-management, Entrepreneurial ecosystem, Islamic leadership, Oman
Abstract: This paper describes how the entrepreneurial ecosystem are managed in Oman and presents a conceptual framework that explores Islamic leadership model and the adaptive co-management concept as an alternative to the effective management of entrepreneurial ecosystem in an Arabic culture. The results of this study indicate that effective management will be attained when skills are developed through inclusion and information sharing, incorporating religious principles such as fairness in policy making towards building institutional links, respecting cultural aspects such as diversity for an adaptive ecosystem, prioritizing strong relationships leading to effective networks, and viewing humans as custodians of earthly resources leading to equitable allocation of resources in the ecosystem. Additionally, the adaptive co-management approach can help reinforce the Islamic model as it emphasizes on learning-by-doing, relationships and the capacity of the communities and resource users.
Examining the Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students in Egypt (1013)
Author/s: Rasha Saad Hassan
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Entrepreneurial intention, Theory of planned behaviour, Education, University Students, Egypt.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the entrepreneurial intention of university students in Egypt within the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour TPB. It examines the effect of personal attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control on the intention to become an entrepreneur. Moreover, it integrates the role of entrepreneurial education, economic and political conditions in explaining students intentions to become entrepreneurs. A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 362 undergraduate students across different faculties. Several hypotheses have been developed and tested using correlation, reliability, and multiple regression analysis. The results illustrate that personal attitudes and subjective norms proved to be important determinants to ones entrepreneurial intentions. These results are of interest for policy makers and regulators in promoting entrepreneurial skills among youth. The study has implications for research and entrepreneurial practice as it contributes to the field of entrepreneurial intentions and education.
Analogical Reasoning and the Formation of New Venture Ideas - A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda (1023)
Author/s: William Bracken
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: analogical reasoning, structural alignment, analogy
Abstract: Reasoning through analogy has been proven as an important mechanism of creative cognition in fields such as science, art, music and literature. This systematic literature review critiques the small but growing body of scholarship that exists at the junction of analogical reasoning and innovative New Venture Ideas. Within this context, it examines how the entrepreneurship literature understands these analogical processes to operate, and characterises the antecedents involved. Amongst recommendations for future research, it suggests that analogical reasoning be examined across a wider range of opportunity types, proposes that antecedent differences between individuals be further explored, and calls for greater consideration of the moderating effects that influence the efficacy of analogical retrieval in generating insights for future entrepreneurial ventures.
Social Capital as Causal Powers: The Enabling Effects of Social Capital in Nascent Social Enterprises (1030)
Author/s: Xiaoti Hu
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: social entrepreneurship, social capital, enabling effect, critical realism
Abstract: Social entrepreneurship the formation, evaluation and exploitation of opportunities to create social value has gain increasing attention among entrepreneurship scholars. While early studies primarily focus on defining and describing the social phenomenon, increasing attention has been paid to the role of networks and communities in social entrepreneurship. It has been argued that social entrepreneurs have to bridge gaps between different individuals, organisations, industries, societal sectors, or even across countries. However, while the importance of social networks or social capital has been greatly appreciated in the SE literature, surprisingly little effort has been made to develop theories to explain how social networks work in this highly relevant context and little empirical evidence has been provided. This paper aims to close this gap by developing a critical realist theory to explain the effects of social capital in social entrepreneurship. First, it addresses the ambiguity in defining social capital and, in its relations to entrepreneurial actions, by proposing that social capital is the inherent causal power embedded in social networks. As a causal power, social capital may or may not be actualised and, when actualised, it can enable entrepreneurial actions in creating social value. Second, through a multiple-case study that involved 45 semi structured interviews in 29 nascent social enterprise, this paper identified three mechanisms sparking, manifesting and scaling through which social entrepreneurs use their social capital to obtain various information, knowledge, market access, business resources, power and influence. These mechanisms enable entrepreneurial action to create social value.
Unpacking SME Owners Practice of Collaboration in Local Supply Chains in India (1063)
Author/s: Manish Unhale Andre P Slowak
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: India, SME, Collaboration practice
Abstract: This paper analyses local collaboration initiative motives of SMEs within their supply chains and business networks for products and services development. Based on a mixed method approach, which includes qualitative interviews and a survey of 175 SME owners and executive management, this study characterises practice of India based inter firm networks. The survey dataset allows for an empirical analysis of the various collaboration initiatives that are typically pursued by India-based SMEs in manufacturing and engineering related sectors. Although previous research has studied individual categories of SME collaboration, there is yet little quantitative insight into the patterns of SME collaboration in South Asia. We find that India-based SMEs engage in horizontal collaboration and for doing so, may draw upon extended business family, informal business practices and friend networks. Our paper informs future studies of informal ties, which are at the interface with formal supply chains. The findings systematise the manifold collaboration opportunities and hence provide a set of collaboration ideas for any new or inexperienced SME owner in South Asian context.
The Gendered Aspects of Age Capital for Entering Entrepreneurship (1078)
Author/s: Isabella Krystyna Moore
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Ageing, Entrepreneurship and Gender, Female Entrepreneurship, Older entrepreneurship, Senior entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Proactive Survival Strategies and Economic Goals Attainment in an Uncertain and Challenging Table Water Production Environment in Port Harcourt, Nigeria (1091)
Author/s: Basil Sokuroabo Pollyn Sorbarikor Lebura Korsi D. Gbarale
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Proactivity, MSMBs, Survival, Environment
Abstract: This study examined proactive survival strategies and economic goals attainment among table water producing firms in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive cross sectional research design. Data was interpreted using the modified 5-point Likert statistical scale while the hypotheses were tested using the two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical tool. The study revealed that there is significant relationship between strategic planning as a proactive practice and attainment of profitability objective among the firms. Secondly, that product innovation as a proactive management technique significantly contribute to the attainment of return on investment as business performance objective among the studied firms; and lastly that organizational unfreezing practices as proactive management activity significantly contribute to the realization of economic value creation objective. The conclusion drawn is that proactive survival and management strategies is a strategic management and organizational positioning tool necessary for achieving business economic goals and sustainable growth.
Entrepreneurial Opportunities Recognition in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Proposed Model for Investigation (1115)
Author/s: Moshood Adeniji Bello Kurt Leonardo Allman Susantha Udagedara
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial opportunity, Recognition, Small firm, Nigeria, Sub-Saharan Africa.
Abstract: Earlier studies have predominantly investigated entrepreneurial opportunities recognition from either the discovery or creation perspectives in the developed economies of America and Europe respectively. These efforts have mostly generated contradictory theories or models, which are not suitable for universal investigation of entrepreneurial opportunities. This paper uses the principles of metatheory to integrate the two dominant theories of entrepreneurial opportunities to propose a Multiple Opportunities Recognition Universal Framework (MORUF), then used it to study entrepreneurial opportunities recognition process within an entirely new context of Sub-Saharan Africa. Qualitative data collected from 38 nascent entrepreneurs in Nigeria were used to test the model. Findings reveal that opportunity exists in more than one form, can transit from one state to another and be recognised either through the discovery or creation process. This paper offers an alternative framework to study multiple entrepreneurial opportunities and provides practical relevance for doing so, for practitioners.
Does Greening Differentially Impact Firms Across Growth Trajectories? (1140)
Author/s: Mili Shrivastava JP Tamvada
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: N/A
Abstract: Sustainability efforts of the firms and subsequent firm performance have been a
topic of great interest for academic scholars and practitioners alike. The ever increasing
social and consumer emphasis on sustainability is making firms increasingly
likely to engage in green activities. While a vast research links sustainability and
firm performance, it is predominantly the extant literature has not examined the
impact of different types of greening for the performance of firms on different growth
trajectories. We contribute by examining the impact of greening activities on firms
following different growth trajectories and demonstrate that greening differentially
impacts start-ups, high-growth firms, steady growers and lifestyler firms.
Trust-Based Ties and Perceived Environmental Dynamism in Entrepreneurial Orientation-Performance Relationship in a Developing Economy (1141)
Author/s: Nur Nadirah Mohamad Ishak
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: SMEs, entrepreneurial orientation, developing economies, inter-firm trust, perceived environmental dynamism
Abstract: Previous scholarly studies have concluded that entrepreneurial orientation positively relates to firm performance and that relationship is dependent on several contingencies This study applies the RBV, contingency theory and regulatory focus theory, to show how the different domain of inter organisational trust and the external environment i.e. environmental dynamism within which firms operate interactively impact on EO-firm performance relationship. A survey study of 253 Malaysian based small and medium sized enterprises SMEs in service sector finds that the positive moderating role of interorganizational cognitive and affective based trust weakens the EO performance relationship in dynamic market environments. The studys implications and future research directions are discussed.
A Thoeretical Model on the Impact of Culture in Women Entrepreneurs' Success. Cross Countries Study (1189)
Author/s: Florica Tomos, Artee Aggrawal, Saraswathy Thurairaj.
Track: Entrepreneurship
Paper Type: Full Papers
Keywords: Culture, Gender, Entrepreneurial Success, Women Entrepreneurs, Women, Cross-country context
Abstract: In this study the authors explored the impact of culture upon women entrepreneurs success within a cross country context. This is a theoretical research based on literature review into relevant articles published in significant and high ranked journals, in the last decades 2011 2019. The findings discovered many types of cultures across countries, with multiple aspects. Although, the meaning of success has both qualitative and quantitative connotations, the impact of culture upon women entrepreneurs success whilst seems to be positive in some parts of the world, is predominantly negative in the majority of countries. Thus, women in general, and women entrepreneurs particularly, encountered multiple cultural barriers which affect negatively their intention towards entrepreneurship opportunities and entrepreneurial success. The study proposed a theoretical model for the impact of culture upon women entrepreneurs success. Although, the research presents some limits and further empirical research is recommended to test the model, the study is a contribution to knowledge, theory and practice, and designs suggestions for policy makers and recommendations for Governments in approaching the cultural element.